Wardship and the Welfare State examines the ideological dimensions and practical intersections of public policy and Native American citizenship, Indian wardship, and social welfare rights after World War II. By examining Native wardship’s intersections with three pieces of mid-twentieth-century welfare legislation—the 1935 Social Security Act, the 1942 Servicemen’s Dependents Allowance Act, and the 1944 GI Bill—Mary Klann traces the development of a new conception of first-class citizenship.
Wardship and the Welfare State explores how policymakers and legislators have defined first-class citizenship against its apparent opposite, the much older and fraught idea of Indian wardship. Wards were considered dependent, while first-class citizens were considered independent. Wards were thought to receive gratuitous aid from the government, while first-class citizens were considered responsible. Critics of the federal welfare state’s expansion in the 1930s through 1960s feared that as more Americans received government aid, they too could become dependent wards, victims of the poverty they saw on reservations. Because critics believed wardship prevented Native men and women from fulfilling expectations of work, family, and political membership, they advocated terminating Natives’ trust relationships with the federal government. As these critics mistakenly equated wardship with welfare, state officials also prevented Native people from accessing needed welfare benefits.
But to Native peoples wardship was not welfare and welfare was not wardship. Native nations and pan-Native organizations insisted on Natives’ government-to-government relationships with the United States and maintained their rights to welfare benefits. In so doing, they rejected stereotyped portrayals of Natives’ perpetual poverty and dependency and asserted and defined tribal sovereignty. By illuminating how assumptions about “gratuitous” government benefits limit citizenship, Wardship and the Welfare State connects Native people to larger histories of race, inequality, gender, and welfare in the twentieth-century United States.
Acknowledgments
Note on Terminology, Usage, and Poetry
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
1. Red Tape: An Introduction to Native Dual Citizenship in the Mid-Twentieth Century
2. Indian Poverty Knowledge: Defining First-Class Citizenship through Competency Legislation
3. Every Day with the BIA: Welfare Applications and Wardship’s Definitions
4. Gender and Wardship: Surveillance, Dependency, and Welfare’s Limitations
5. Improving Farms and Homes: Assimilation and the GI Bill’s Educational Provisions
6. Nebulous Shame, Innocent Taxpayers, and the Native Plight: Native Land and the Welfare State
7. Care Taken to Inform: Relational Wardship, Welfare, and Sovereignty
Conclusion
Epilogue
Notes
Bibliography
Index
