About the Book
Paternalism to Partnership examines the administration of Indian affairs from 1786, when the first federal administrator was appointed, through 2021. David H. DeJong examines each administrator through a biographical sketch and excerpts of policy statements defining the administrator’s political philosophy, drawn from official reports or the administrator’s own writings.
The Indian Office, as an executive agency under the secretary of war (1789 to 1849) and secretary of the interior (1849 to present), was directed by the president of the United States. The superintendents, chief clerks, commissioners, and assistant secretaries for Indian affairs administered policy as prescribed by Congress and the president. Each was also given a level of discretion in administering this policy. For most of the federal-Indian relationship, administrators were limited in influencing policy. This paternalism continued well into the twentieth century. Beginning in the 1960s Congress and the president ameliorated their views on the federal-Indian relationship and moved away from paternalism. Since 1966 every administrator of the Bureau of Indian Affairs has been Native American, and each has exercised increasing authority in shaping policy. This has given rise to a federal-Indian partnership that has witnessed tribal nations again exercising their inherent rights of self-government.
In this documentary history David H. DeJong follows the progression of federal Indian policy over more than two hundred years, providing firsthand accounts of how the federal-Indian relationship has changed over the centuries.
Praise
"David DeJong's Paternalism to Partnership is a nifty cover-to-cover read, above and beyond its usefulness as a reference work. . . . [It] offers a terrific single-volume introduction to the main lines of U.S. Indian policy and the importance of public administration and public administrators throughout U.S. history."—Stephen J. Rockwell, Western Historical Quarterly
"Paternalism to Partnership: The Administration of Indian Affairs, 1786–2021 is a straightforward and concisely written book that provides an important overview of those who have led U.S. administration of Indian Affairs. It is recommended as a possible companion to survey courses focused on federal Indian law and history to provide important contextual information for students. The chapters also contain information that scholars can expand upon in works with information that DeJong has helpfully provided in this text. In providing an almost encyclopedic administrative history of Indian Affairs leadership, DeJong offers an important source to scholars and students alike."—Brittani R. Orona, Journal of Arizona History
"This work is an excellent reference volume and will be useful for scholars and students of history who wish to gain a better understanding of the individuals involved in the crafting of federal Indian policies over time."—Michelle M. Martin, Chronicles of Oklahoma
“Invaluable to those researching Indian policy and its development. . . . This overview of how Indian policy developed highlights certain themes that transcend time and gives a fascinating peek into the people charged with making Indian policy.”—Carol L. Higham, author of Noble, Wretched, and Redeemable: Protestant Missionaries to the Indians in Canada and the United States, 1820–1900
“Paternalism to Partnership is of high value as a library holding and will be of significance to specialists or students in the field of Indian affairs.”—Robert M. Utley, author of The Last Sovereigns: Sitting Bull and the Resistance of the Free Lakotas
Table of Contents
List of Tables
Preface
The Administration of Indian Affairs
1. John Harris, Superintendent of the Indian Trading Houses
2. William Irvine, Superintendent of the Indian Trading Houses
3. George W. Ingels, Superintendent of the Indian Trading Houses
4. William Davy, Superintendent of the Indian Trading Houses
5. John Shee, Superintendent of Indian Trade
6. John M. Mason, Superintendent of Indian Trade
7. Thomas McKenney, Superintendent of Indian Trade/Chief Clerk
8. William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs
9. Samuel S. Hamilton, Chief Clerk
10. Elbert Herring, Chief Clerk, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
11. Cary Allen Harris, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
12. Thomas Hartley Crawford, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
13. William Medill, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
14. Orlando Brown, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
15. Luke Lea, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
16. George W. Manypenny, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
17. James W. Denver, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
18. Charles E. Mix, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
19. Alfred B. Greenwood, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
20. William P. Dole, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
21. Dennis N. Cooley, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
22. Lewis V. Bogy, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
23. Nathaniel G. Taylor, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
24. Ely S. Parker, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
25. Francis A. Walker, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
26. Edward P. Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
27. John Quincy Smith, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
28. Ezra Hayt, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
29. Roland E. Trowbridge, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
30. Hiram Price, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
31. John Dewitt Clinton Atkins, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
32. John H. Oberly, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
33. Thomas Jefferson Morgan, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
34. Daniel M. Browning, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
35. William A. Jones, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
36. Francis E. Leupp, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
37. Robert G. Valentine, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
38. Cato Sells, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
39. Charles Henry Burke, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
40. Charles James Rhoads, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
41. John Collier, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
42. William A. Brophy, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
43. John R. Nichols, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
44. Dillion S. Myer, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
45. Glenn L. Emmons, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
46. Philleo Nash, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
47. Robert F. Bennett, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
48. Louis Rook Bruce, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
49. Marvin L. Franklin, Assistant to the Secretary
50. Morris Thompson, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
51. Ben Reifel, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
52. Forrest J. Gerard, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
53. William E. Hallett, Commissioner of Indian Affairs
54. Thomas W. Fredericks, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
55. Kenneth L. Smith, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
56. Ross O. Swimmer, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
57. Eddie F. Brown, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
58. Ada E. Deer, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
59. Kevin Gover, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
60. Neil A. McCaleb, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
61. David W. Anderson, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
62. Carl J. Artman , Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
63. Larry J. Echo Hawk, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
64. Kevin K. Washburn, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
65. Tara MacLean Sweeney, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
